{"id":14354,"date":"2026-01-16T09:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T12:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aceroyroca.com\/?p=14354"},"modified":"2026-01-16T09:30:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T12:30:00","slug":"glaciares-mineria-aporte-hidrico-nieve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idealistic-platinum-hummingbird.187-127-10-185.cpanel.site\/index.php\/2026\/01\/16\/glaciares-mineria-aporte-hidrico-nieve\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00abSin nieve no hay agua\u00bb: Andr\u00e9s Meglioli derriba mitos sobre glaciares y miner\u00eda en los Andes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Hablar de la gesti\u00f3n de los recursos h\u00eddricos en la alta monta\u00f1a y su convivencia con la industria minera implica, muchas veces, entrar en un terreno cargado de mitos. Para despejar dudas y aportar datos t\u00e9cnicos duros, ACERO Y ROCA<\/em> dialog\u00f3 con Andr\u00e9s Meglioli, ge\u00f3logo experto en glaciolog\u00eda radicado en Estados Unidos desde hace 40 a\u00f1os.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por Yenhy Navas<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Glaciar
Los glaciares de escombros aportan apenas entre el 1% y 2% del caudal total de los r\u00edos.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Con una visi\u00f3n global fundamentada en d\u00e9cadas de experiencia en el mapeo de glaciares, el especialista disecciona la realidad hidrol\u00f3gica de los Andes Centrales<\/strong>, expone las falencias del inventario actual<\/strong> y explica c\u00f3mo las potencias mineras del norte gestionan sus est\u00e1ndares ambientales. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La nieve como protagonista: el verdadero aporte h\u00eddrico en los Andes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Para entender la disponibilidad de agua en provincias como San Juan<\/strong>, primero debemos comprender el origen real del caudal de los r\u00edos. Frente a la incertidumbre sobre cu\u00e1nto aportan los cuerpos de hielo, Meglioli es contundente: la hidrolog\u00eda de los Andes Centrales responde a un r\u00e9gimen pluvio-nival, y no glacio-pluvial.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seg\u00fan el experto, aunque falta precisi\u00f3n milim\u00e9trica en el estudio de cada cuerpo, la proporci\u00f3n es abrumadora. \u00abLa nieve estacional provee la mayor parte de la escorrent\u00eda<\/strong> (corriente de agua que se vierte al rebasar su dep\u00f3sito o cauce naturales o artificiales<\/em>) y aporte de agua, superando el 90%. <\/strong>Sin nieve no hay agua. En los Andes Centrales o en cualquier otro r\u00e9gimen clim\u00e1tico similar ocurre lo mismo\u00bb<\/em>, asegura Meglioli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los estudios internacionales indican que el aporte promedio de los glaciares de escombros es apenas del orden del 2%. Incluso, en mediciones espec\u00edficas de su equipo en cuencas selectas, este n\u00famero desciende al 1%. Si bien el ge\u00f3logo aclara que \u00abesto no es universal y se deben completar estudios adicionales\u00bb<\/em>, el contraste entre el 90% de la nieve y el porcentaje marginal de los glaciares reordena las prioridades de la planificaci\u00f3n h\u00eddrica.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ge\u00f3logo
Con 40 a\u00f1os de experiencia, Meglioli propone una \u00abFase 2\u00bb para el inventario de glaciares.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Evidencia hist\u00f3rica: sequ\u00edas extremas en ausencia de actividad minera<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Para desmitificar la relaci\u00f3n directa entre la industria en alta monta\u00f1a y la escasez de agua, es necesario mirar hacia atr\u00e1s. Bajo esta l\u00f3gica, el entrevistado recurre a los registros hist\u00f3ricos de caudales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meglioli cita los an\u00e1lisis forenses de los aforos del R\u00edo San Juan<\/strong> a finales de la d\u00e9cada de 1960<\/strong>. Los datos son reveladores: en ese periodo el agua no lleg\u00f3 a la ciudad de San Juan, presentando condiciones cr\u00edticas similares para la cuenca del R\u00edo Mendoza<\/strong>. \u00abNo hab\u00eda nada de miner\u00eda y los glaciares no se tocaron. Simplemente fueron a\u00f1os de muy pocas precipitaciones n\u00edveas en cordillera\u00bb<\/em>, explica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esta evidencia hist\u00f3rica refuerza la tesis t\u00e9cnica: la variable cr\u00edtica es la climatolog\u00eda y la precipitaci\u00f3n n\u00edvea, independientemente de la actividad humana.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Infograf\u00eda
El aporte h\u00eddrico de glaciares es secundario frente al 90% que provee la nieve estacional.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Las fallas del Inventario Nacional: la necesidad de pasar del sat\u00e9lite al terreno<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Al analizar la Ley de Glaciares<\/a> en Argentina, el experto se\u00f1ala una limitaci\u00f3n metodol\u00f3gica grave:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

El inventario actual es, b\u00e1sicamente, una \u00abetapa de escritorio\u00bb realizada con im\u00e1genes satelitales.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Por consiguiente, Meglioli urge avanzar hacia una Segunda Fase que corrija los errores de interpretaci\u00f3n visual.<\/strong> Esta nueva instancia requiere obligatoriamente pisar el terreno y aplicar tecnolog\u00edas que hoy no se usan masivamente para discriminar qu\u00e9 es realmente un glaciar activo.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Equipo
La ciencia exige perforaciones y mediciones topogeod\u00e9sicas para validar el inventario.<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Las 3 tecnolog\u00edas necesarias para la Fase 2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Seg\u00fan el especialista, para depurar el inventario se deben aplicar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. An\u00e1lisis geomorfol\u00f3gico preciso:<\/strong> Para justificar la clasificaci\u00f3n de las formas y corregir errores.
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Mediciones topogeod\u00e9sicas:<\/strong> Fundamentales para medir la deformaci\u00f3n (el movimiento real del hielo).
    <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Estudios geof\u00edsicos y perforaciones:<\/strong> La \u00fanica manera certera de determinar el volumen de hielo y su actividad.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u00ab<\/em>El resultado de esa segunda fase deber\u00eda ser la mejor discriminaci\u00f3n de geoformas activas versus inactivas\u00bb<\/em>, <\/strong>advierte Meglioli, se\u00f1alando que hay formas err\u00f3neamente clasificadas como glaciares de escombros.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Adem\u00e1s, el experto alerta sobre el vac\u00edo de informaci\u00f3n h\u00eddrica<\/strong>, la llamada tercera fase<\/strong>: \u00abEs complejo, lleva tiempo y se debe comenzar inmediatamente. Hay que hacer <\/em>estudios hidrol\u00f3gicos concentrados en cuantificar el aporte h\u00eddrico de cada crioforma\u00bb<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ambiente periglacial: la diferencia entre temperatura y reserva de agua<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \"Ambiente
    Ambiente glaciar en San Juan. Imagen Martin Katz\/Greenpeace<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Uno de los conceptos que m\u00e1s traba los proyectos mineros es el de \u00abambiente periglacial\u00bb<\/strong>. Meglioli aporta una distinci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica que suele perderse en el debate p\u00fablico: el permafrost es una condici\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica, no necesariamente una reserva de agua.<\/strong> \u00abCongelado no significa que tenga hielo; significa que est\u00e1 por debajo de 0 grados cent\u00edgrados por 24 meses consecutivos. Es una condici\u00f3n de temperatura\u00bb<\/em>, aclara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    En los Andes Secos<\/strong>, es com\u00fan encontrar permafrost seco o con una cantidad \u00ednfima de hielo que no representa un aporte significativo. Meglioli explica que a menudo se protegen \u00abrasgos f\u00f3siles bien preservados\u00bb<\/strong> en \u00e1reas \u00abexageradamente amplias\u00bb<\/em> que ya no cumplen ninguna funci\u00f3n h\u00eddrica real.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    El modelo del hemisferio norte: miner\u00eda sin zonas de exclusi\u00f3n fijas<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    En contraposici\u00f3n a la incertidumbre local, Meglioli detalla c\u00f3mo se maneja la convivencia entre miner\u00eda y glaciares en jurisdicciones con altos est\u00e1ndares, bas\u00e1ndose en sus 40 a\u00f1os de experiencia en el hemisferio norte. Ante la consulta sobre zonas de exclusi\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica (\u00abbuffers\u00bb)<\/strong>, la respuesta es directa: \u00ab<\/strong>No hay buffer\u00bb<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    En pa\u00edses como Estados Unidos<\/strong> o Canad\u00e1<\/strong>, las distancias m\u00ednimas est\u00e1n dadas por condiciones geot\u00e9cnicas y operativas. La barrera de control no es una prohibici\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica, sino la aprobaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica del EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment)<\/strong> o Declaraci\u00f3n de Impacto Ambiental.
    \u00abLa exigencia t\u00e9cnica, cerca o no de un glaciar, es que se apruebe el EIA. Hay muchas operaciones mineras en el \u00c1rtico que operan en ambientes periglaciales con permafrost rico en hielo\u00bb<\/em>, ejemplifica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"Vista
    La imagen demuestra c\u00f3mo la actividad convive con climas extremos mediante ingenier\u00eda y declaraciones de impacto ambiental, sin \u00abbuffers\u00bb fijos. <\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Cambio clim\u00e1tico y la resiliencia de los glaciares de escombros<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Finalmente, el an\u00e1lisis aborda el futuro. Meglioli confirma que el retroceso de los glaciares blancos es un fen\u00f3meno que \u00abest\u00e1 ocurriendo aceleradamente\u00bb<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    No obstante, destaca una ventaja f\u00edsica de los glaciares de escombros: el material rocoso act\u00faa como aislante t\u00e9rmico. \u00abTienen hielo cubierto, protegido por escombros que lo a\u00edslan y pueden permanecer m\u00e1s tiempo\u00bb<\/em>,<\/strong> explica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Para monitorear esta evoluci\u00f3n, la industria ya aplica nuevas tecnolog\u00edas como mediciones volum\u00e9tricas con drones<\/strong>, una herramienta que facilita las comparaciones precisas en el tiempo y que \u00abya se hace en algunos proyectos mineros y de investigaci\u00f3n\u00bb<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    El debate sobre la \u00abFase 2\u00bb del Inventario Nacional de Glaciares <\/a>es una de las mayores demandas del sector privado y cient\u00edfico. Actualmente, el IANIGLA <\/strong>(instituto encargado del inventario) enfrenta el desaf\u00edo de actualizar sus registros con trabajos de campo que permitan diferenciar las crioformas activas de las f\u00f3siles, un paso vital para otorgar seguridad jur\u00eddica a los proyectos mineros en zonas de alta monta\u00f1a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Andr\u00e9s Meglioli analiza la Ley de Glaciares, el rol de la nieve y c\u00f3mo la miner\u00eda convive con el hielo en el 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